iziwe Ezihlangene
Ayikho Imiphumela
Kunefomethi entsha yekhodi yomsindo ebizwa ngokuthi .flac. Lokhu kumela “I-Codec Yomsindo Engalahleki Yamahhala.” I-Xiph.org Foundation yasungulwa futhi yathuthukiswa ngo-1994. I-Xiph.org Foundation iyinhlangano engenzi nzuzo ekhiqiza amathuluzi esofthiwe anomthombo ovulekile kanye namafomethi we-multimedia. I-Flac iwuhlobo lokubhala ngekhodi okulalelwayo kwamafayela okucindezela okungalahleki. Lapho lokhu kuthuthukiswa, kwakutholakala njengohlelo lwesofthiwe yamahhala. I-Flac inamandla okucindezela nokunciphisa usayizi wefayela noma yikuphi ukusuka ku-50% kuya ku-70% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-WAV noma amanye amafomethi angalahleki futhi ingakhiqiza kabusha umsindo wayo ongalahleki. Leli ithuluzi elihle kakhulu uma ulinganiselwe esikhaleni noma ungafuni ukusebenzisa i-WAV ngoba amafayela makhulu kakhulu. I-Flac inikeza ukucindezela ngaphandle kokudela ikhwalithi. Ukwehliswa kosayizi ka-50% ukuya ku-70% kungase kunikeze isikhala esengeziwe kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza angakwazi ukuzisebenzisa ngokusebenzisa i-WAV. Ukulahlekelwa kusho ukungalahleki kwekhwalithi yomsindo futhi kujwayelekile embonini yomculo. I-Flac inikeza inzuzo enkulu ezinhlelweni eziningi.
I-MP3, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-MPEG layer 3, iyifomethi yefayela lomsindo edijithali egcina futhi yabelane ngamafayela alalelwayo. Kbps, eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-kilobits ngomzuzwana, ibhekisela ku-"bitrate," okuyikhwalithi yefayela lomsindo nosayizi wokuminyanisa. I-128kb ingusayizi wefayela we-MP3 one-bitrate yamakhilobhithi angu-128 ngomzuzwana. Lokho kuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa no-256 noma 320, okuyikhwalithi ephezulu uma kuqhathaniswa yefomethi yomsindo we-MP3. Lokhu kwenza usayizi wefayela usebenze kahle kakhulu ukugcina nokwabelana nge-inthanethi. Umthelela omubi walokhu kungaba ukuthi ama-bitrate aphansi aphumela ekwehleni kwekhwalithi yefayela lomsindo.
I-MP3 256kb i-bitrate yefayela le-MP3, evumela inani ledatha elicutshungulwa ngomzuzwana ngokudlala umsindo. Uma i-bitrate iphezulu, usayizi wefayela uya mkhulu. Lokhu kubangela ikhwalithi engcono. Usayizi wefayela ongu-256 kb wukuthi ifayela lomsindo line-bitrate engu-256 kilobits ngomzuzwana. Lokhu kukhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, isibonelo, nefayela elingu-64kb, okuvamise ukuba ngusayizi wefayela weringithoni. Ukucabanga ngemuva "kwekhwalithi yomsindo" kuncike ezintweni ezifana nezilungiselelo zombhalo wekhodi, amadivayisi okudlala, nezinto zomthombo. Okuncanyelwayo kwekhwalithi yomsindo kuncike ekutheni ifayela lomsindo lisatshalaliswa kanjani. Isibonelo, ukurekhoda ifayela lomsindo kusitudiyo sokurekhoda (.wav) uma kuqhathaniswa nokulanda okudijithali (128-320kb.)
Ikesi elithi 320kb libhekisela kusayizi wefayela we-bitrate wamakhilobhithi angu-320 ngomzuzwana, okuyi-bitrate ephakeme kakhulu phakathi kosayizi bamafayela e-MP3 atholakalayo ukuze alandwe. I-bitrate ephezulu, njengo-320kb, iphumela kukhwalithi engcono njengoba idatha eyengeziwe isetshenziswa ukubhala ngekhodi ulwazi lomsindo. Ku-320kb, ifayela lomsindo lingaba ngelekhwalithi ephezulu kuno-128 noma 256. Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ikhwalithi yefayela lomsindo incike kwezinye izici, okuhlanganisa okuqukethwe komthombo, izilungiselelo zombhalo wekhodi, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, idivayisi yokudlala.
I-WAV noma i-Waveform Audio File Format iyifomethi yefayela elilalelwayo esetshenziselwa ukugcina okurekhodiwe kwedijithali ngekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu yefayela lomsindo. I-WAV iyifayela elingenakho ukucindezelwa. I-WAV irekhodwa ngosayizi wefayela wangempela. I-IBM ne-Microsoft bathuthukise i-WAV ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 njengezinga lokugcina amafayela alalelwayo edijithali kumakhompyutha. I-WAV inekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu; Nokho, okubi ukuthi futhi ifayela elikhulu. I-WAV ayinayo imethadatha. Imethadatha ihlonza ulwazi olufana neciko, isihloko, unyaka, inombolo yengoma, njll. I-WAV iyindinganiso yomkhakha ekukhiqizweni komculo ngenxa yekhwalithi yomsindo. Onjiniyela bomsindo nabadidiyeli bomculo bathi futhi inikeza ububanzi obuguquguqukayo obukhudlwana nokujula kumsindo ongatholakali kwamanye amafomethi. I-WAV yenze okungaphezu kokuba indinganiso yokugcina umsindo wekhompyutha; ithathe njengefomethi yefayela lomsindo eliphezulu kakhulu. Namuhla, i-WAV iyifomethi evamile yefayela lomsindo embonini yomculo futhi iyisiqongo sekhwalithi kufayela elilalelwayo. I-WAV ingasetshenziswa kunoma iyiphi idivayisi, njenge-DVD, i-TV, i-iPad, ikhompuyutha, njll. I-WAV yayivame ukuba yinkinga ngama-smartphones ngenxa yobukhulu, kodwa manje lawo mafoni angakwazi ukubamba u-64 GB kuya ku-1T wedatha, akukho. isikhathi eside inkinga.
Iringithoni kanye noma ukunquma iringithoni kubhekisela ohlelweni lokufinyeza noma lokusika ingxenye yefayela lomsindo ukuze udale iringithoni ngendlela oyithandayo. Ngokuthenga noma ngokulanda iringithoni, kungase kube inguqulo yobude obugcwele bengoma, noma kungase kube isiqeshana esinamasekhondi angu-30 kuphela esingenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo. Ukusetshenziswa kokunquma iringithoni kungakuvumela ukuthi ukhethe ingxenye yefayela lomsindo. Isigaba esivame ukusikwa ukwenza iringithoni kungaba ingoma ehehayo noma ikhorasi yengoma oyikhethayo. Namuhla, ama-smartphones amaningi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zenzelwe ukuvumela umsebenzisi ukuthi asike kalula futhi enze ngendlela oyifisayo amaringithoni ngokulungisa isiqalo nesiphetho sefayela lomsindo. Le nqubo yenziwe ngokusebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo esivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi abuke i-waveform yefayela lomsindo futhi alinqume ngendlela ayithandayo. Leli ithuluzi elijabulisayo. Ungakwazi kalula ukuhlala phezu kwazo zonke izaziso ezingenayo futhi ujabule ngamaringithoni ahlukene. Leli thuluzi likuvumela ukuthi wenze ngokwezifiso zonke izaziso zakho zomsindo ukuze wazi ukuthi yini esanda kungena ngeringithoni. Enza ngendlela oyifisayo iringithoni ngayinye ukuze uthole izaziso ezihlukene njengemeyili engenayo, umbhalo ongenayo, okuthunyelwe ku-Facebook, i-Instagram, i-Twitter, izexwayiso zesimo sezulu, njll. Ngokungeziwe kumaringithoni ajwayelekile, ungaphinda usike ingoma oyintandokazi noma ifayela lomsindo ukuze livele lidlale ucezu olufushane. Ukusetshenziswa kokunquma iringithoni kungakuvumela ukuthi ukhethe kuphela ingxenye yefayela elilalelwayo noma ivesi esikhundleni sayo yonke ingoma. Isigaba esivame ukusikwa ukwenza iringithoni kungaba ingoma ehehayo noma ikhorasi yengoma oyikhethayo. Mhlawumbe ingoma yakho yomshado lapho umyeni wakho ekushayela ucingo noma ekuthumelela imiyalezo, noma ingoma oyithandayo kamama wakho lapho ekushayela ucingo noma ekuthumelela imiyalezo. Iningi labantu lingase lingazi ukuthi ama-smartphones amaningi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zenzelwe ukuvumela umsebenzisi ukuthi asike kalula futhi enze ngendlela oyifisayo amaringithoni ngokulungisa indawo yokuqala neyokugcina yefayela lomsindo. Le nqubo yenziwe ngokusebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo esivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi abuke i-waveform yefayela lomsindo futhi alinqume ngendlela ayithandayo. I-waveform yomsindo ikuvumela ukuthi ubone lapho amagama ancanyelwayo noma umculo oqala khona, bese ungakhetha lapho ofuna iphelele khona.
Uyakholwa ukuthi umculo uhlale udala izimangaliso nokuthula enhliziyweni? Nesitayela se-hip-hop Kusewuhlobo abantu abasaluthanda kuzo zonke izikhathi. Futhi lokho akunakuphikwa ukuthi isitayela ngasinye somculo sisenephunga elihlanganiswe namasiko nokwehlukahlukana kwabantu emculweni womculo. Futhi lokho kwenza i-hip-hop kusakhulunywa ngayo njalo. Kuyacaca ukuthi ukulalela umculo we-hip-hop kusenza sihlale sinomuzwa wokuthi bakhuluma ngokucula nokuxhumana ngomculo noma ngezigqi zomculo ezihambisana nesimo noma abantu abawulalelayo. I-H Hip-hop ngeminyaka yawo-1970 yayidume kakhulu. Futhi-ke, kuzo zonke izikhathi, kuhlale kukhona okungahambi kahle. Umculo we-hip-hop awuzange uqoshwe ngokusemthethweni emsakazweni noma kumabonakude kwaze kwaba ngu-1979, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobumpofu ngesikhathi uzalwa kanye nokungamukelwa emphakathini omnyama. Lolu hlobo lomculo lwaqala ukusabalala ngamaphathi avaliwe kuwo wonke umphakathi wabamnyama. Lena yinto eyodwa eyenza sikhombise ukubaluleka kweqembu labantu abanokuhlukahluka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulalela siphi isitayela somculo, singakwazi njalo ukufunda umehluko ukuze sibe muhle.
Umculo we-pop waba nethonya noma umsuka kanjani ngempela? Futhi ingabe kuyiqiniso ukuthi kulula ukuzwa nokulalela yonke iminyaka? Ngoba abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi umculo wavela emasikweni nasebuciko obuhlala buhlangene. Futhi kuseyingoma ehehayo kanjani kubathandi bomculo?, Ngubani owaziyo ukuthi isitayela somculo we-pop singesesimanje ngempela noma siyalandela? Eqinisweni, umculo we-pop usushintshile kanye nencazelo yawo. Njengoba umbhali womculo uBill Lamb ekubeka, umculo we-pop “yizo zonke izinhlobo zomculo kusukela ngeNguquko Yezimboni yangawo-1800 efana kakhulu nezinto ezithandwayo nezithandwa abantu besigaba esiphakathi emadolobheni.” Igama elithi “umculo we-pop” laqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-1926 ukuze lisho umculo “odumile phakathi kwabantu. ” U-Hatch no-Millward baphikisa ngokuthi izehlakalo ezimbalwa emlandweni wokuqopha wama-1920s zithathwa njengendawo okwazalelwa kuyo imboni yomculo we-pop yesimanje, okuhlanganisa izwe, i-blues, ne-hillbilly. Umculo we-Pop wakhiqizwa njengomzamo, hhayi njengowobuciko,” futhi “waklanyelwe ukukhanga wonke umuntu,” kodwa “awuzange uvele kunoma iyiphi indawo noma uveze noma yikuphi ukunambitheka okuthile.” UFrith uyanezela, “Umculo we-Pop awugqugquzelwa yinoma yiziphi izifiso ezinkulu, ngaphandle kwenzuzo nemivuzo yezohwebo, futhi ngokomculo, awuqhutshwa noma yiziphi izifiso ezinkulu, ngaphandle kwenzuzo yezentengiselwano nemivuzo. Umculo we-Pop uyalandela ngokuyisisekelo. Iphuma phezulu (ngamalebula aqoshiwe, umsakazo nabagqugquzeli bamakhonsathi) kunokuba ivela ngezansi. Akuwona umculo ozenzele wona, kodwa kunalokho okhiqizwa ngobungcweti futhi wahlanganiswa umculo, futhi uvame ukukhonjwa njengongcono kakhulu womculo we-pop. Njengoba uFrith ebeka, izici zomculo we-pop zihlanganisa inhloso yawo yokukhanga izethameli ezivamile esikhundleni sosiko oluthile oluthile noma umbono, kanye nokugcizelela kwawo ubuciko esikhundleni sezimfanelo “zobuciko” ezisemthethweni.
Uma ucabanga ingoma yezwe, yini efika engqondweni? Kimina iculo eligcwele uthando, imfudumalo emndenini noma phakathi kwamasimu emaphandleni. Asikwazi ukucabanga ukuthi njalo uma sizwa ingoma yezwe, izosenza sizizwe sishubile noma sibe umlandeli walesi sitayela somculo. Noma elinye igama osalazi kuze kube namuhla libizwa nge-Country music. Izwe (eliphinde libizwe ngokuthi izwe nentshonalanga) wuhlobo lomculo olwaqala esifundeni esiseningizimu ye-United States, kokubili eNingizimu naseNingizimu-ntshonalanga. Umculo we-Country, owakhiqizwa okokuqala ngeminyaka yawo-1920, wawugxile ekuculeni izingoma ezazixoxa ngempilo yabasebenzi kanye nabasebenzi eMelika. Kuzwakala kuthakazelisa kakhulu ngoba bengingacabangi ukuthi abantu baseMelika bayizwe elihlukahlukene futhi elinesitayela somculo esihlale sihle ngokwehlukana kwawo. Futhi yilokho okwenzekile. Ingabe ungumlandeli walolu hlobo lomculo? Futhi yini eyangimangaza. Ngo-2009 e-United States, umculo we-country wawuwumculo olalelwa kakhulu phakathi nehora lokugijima ebusuku futhi wawuwuhlobo lwesibili oludume kakhulu phakathi nohambo lokuya emsebenzini ekuseni. Umculo wezwe waziwa ngama-ballads awo nezingoma zomdanso ("izingoma ze-honky-tonk") ezinamafomu alula kanye nezinhlamvu zesintu. Futhi ukuvumelana ngokuvamile kuhambisana nezinsimbi ezifana ne-banjo, i-fiddle, i-harmonica, nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zesiginci (okuhlanganisa i-acoustic, ugesi, insimbi, neziginci ze-resonator). Nakuba umculo wezwe unezimpande zawo emculweni wesintu waseMelika ngezindlela ezifana nezakudala kanye ne-Appalachian, amanye amasiko amaningi, njenge-Mexican, Irish, and Hawaiian, nawo abe nomthelela ekudalweni kwawo. Imodi ye-blues evela ku-blues nayo isetshenziswe kabanzi kuwo wonke umlando. Yebo, ngikholelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi ufika kuleli qophelo ekufundeni kwakho, ungase ube nentukuthelo kancane ngokuthi uhlobo ngalunye luvame ukuhlanganisa kanjani umlando namasiko amasiko. Kodwa ngikholwa ukuthi yilapho kwaqala khona ukuxhumana okuseduze phakathi kwamagugu okugcinwa kwemithetho kanye nomculo wezwe wangaleso sikhathi, ekuphenduleni umnyakazo wokulwa nempi wama-1960s. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, cishe wonke umculo wezwe, kuze kube yileso sikhathi owawubizwa ngokuthi izwe lesintu, wawungenakho ukuqondisa kwezombusazwe okucacile futhi kunalokho wawugxile ezinkingeni zansuku zonke nezinkathazo zesigaba sabasebenzi. I-albhamu ka-Merle Haggard yango-1969 ethi Okie yaseMuskogee yethula umculo wezwe ngendlela enqunyiwe yokulandela imithetho nepolitiki, eyayidumile. Umongameli weRiphabhulikhi uRichard Nixon uphinde waqinisa lolu xhumo lomculo olulandelanayo phakathi neminyaka yakhe ehhovisi. Ivamise ukuphatha imicimbi yabaculi bezwe, yamenyezelwa ngo-Okthoba 1970 njengeNyanga Yomculo Wezwe, futhi yanxusa abalaleli ababona umculo wezwe njengonezisusa zezombusazwe. Kodwa-ke, manje, umculo wezwe ususakazekele emazweni amaningi e-Asia nakwamanye amazwe amaningi abona umculo wezwe njengomthombo oqhubekayo wokuhlonishwa.
Lapho abantu abaningi bezwa uhlobo lomculo, umculo we-rock ungenza abantu abaningi bacabange ukuthi umculo we-rock ungase ube nezindaba noma amasiko agxilile kuwo, futhi akukholakali ukuthi umsuka womculo we-rock wadabuka e-United States ngaphansi kwegama elithi “rock and roll” ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1950 futhi usuthuthuke waba izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene kusukela maphakathi nawo-1960 nase-United States, ikakhulukazi e-United States. I-Rock inezimpande zayo ku-rock and roll, ifomu elidonsa ngokuqondile ezinhlotsheni zomculo omnyama ezifana neblues, rhythm and blues, kanye nezwe. I-Rock futhi ithonywa kakhulu izinhlobo ezifana ne-electric blues ne-folk, futhi ihlanganisa amathonya avela ku-jazz nezinye izitayela zomculo. Ezinsimbini, i-rock ivamise ukugxila kusiginci sikagesi, esivame ukuba yingxenye yeqembu le-rock eline-bass guitar kagesi, izigubhu, nomculi oyedwa noma ngaphezulu. I-Rock ivamise ukuba yingoma egcizelela ukucula, enesigqi esingu-4 futhi isebenzisa ivesi nephethini yokuvumelana. Kodwa uhlobo luhluke kakhulu. Njengomculo we-pop, amagama ezinhlamvu avame ukugxila othandweni lwezothando, kodwa futhi akhulume ngezinye izindikimba eziningi, ngokuvamile ezomphakathi noma zezombusazwe. I-Rock bekuwuhlobo lomculo oludume kakhulu e-United States nakuwo wonke umhlaba waseNtshonalanga kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s kuya kowezi-2010. Maphakathi nawo-1960, abaculi be-rock base beqala ukuphusha i-albhamu phezu kweyodwa njengendlela evelele yokukhuluma nokusetshenziswa okurekhodiwe, kanti ama-Beatles ayehola phambili. Umsebenzi wabo walethe lolu hlobo ekwamukelweni okujwayelekile futhi wangenisa inkathi ye-albhamu ethonywe amashumi eminyaka embonini yomculo. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1960, i-rock yakudala yayikhiqize inqwaba yezinhlobo ezingaphansi, okuhlanganisa okuxubile okufana ne-blues rock, i-folk rock, i-country rock ne-jazz rock, okwasiza ukuthuthukiswa kwe-psychedelic rock, eyathonywa ukunyakaza kwe-psychedelic kanye ne-hippie counterculture. Izinhlobo ezintsha zavela, okuhlanganisa i-rock progressive, eyandisa izici zobuciko, i-heavy metal, egcizelela umsindo oqinile, ne-glam rock, egcizelela ukusebenza nesitayela sokubukwayo.
Uma kuziwa ohlotsheni lomculo, isigqi kanye ne-blues akuyona into abantu abaningi abajwayelene nayo. Nokho, abantu abaningi bavame ukuyifushanisa ibe yi-R&B noma i-R'n'B. Uhlobo lomculo oludumile lwavela emphakathini omnyama ngeminyaka yawo-1940. Izinkampani zokuqopha zaqala ukuchaza okuqoshiwe okwakumakethwa kakhulukazi kwabamnyama. Ngesikhathi sokukhula "kwe-jazz-rock esindayo, eqhubekayo" ngeminyaka yawo-1950 nawo-1970, amabhendi ngokuvamile ayehlanganisa upiyano, isiginci esisodwa noma ezimbili, ibhesi, izigubhu, i-saxophone eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi umculi oyisipele. Izingoma ze-R&B zivame ukufingqa umlando kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu abamnyama eMelika, okuhlanganisa ubuhlungu, ukufuna inkululeko nenjabulo, kanye nokunqoba nokwehluleka mayelana nokucwasa, ingcindezelo, ubudlelwano, ezomnotho, kanye nezifiso zomphakathi. Uyabona, ekugcineni sinohlobo lomculo olubonisa indlela yokuphila yeqembu emphakathini onamandla futhi ohlukahlukene, oxubene nazo zonke izinhlobo zomculo futhi, yiqiniso, ukwenza "isigqi ne-blues" kwashintsha incazelo yayo izikhathi eziningi. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, leli gama lalivame ukusetshenziselwa amarekhodi e-blues. Maphakathi nawo-1950, ngemva kokuba lo mculo usize ukuthuthukisa i-rock and roll, igama elithi "R&B" laqala ukusetshenziswa kumongo obanzi, kubhekiselwa kusitayela somculo esivele savela futhi sahlanganiswa i-electric blues, ivangeli, ne-soul. Ngawo-1970, elithi "rhythm and blues" liphinde lashintsha futhi lasetshenziswa njengetemu elihlangene le-soul kanye ne-funk. Isitayela esisha somculo we-R&B sase sithuthukile futhi saziwa ngokuthi "i-contemporary R&B." Lesi sitayela sanamuhla sihlanganise i-R&B ne-pop, i-disco, i-hip hop, i-soul, i-funk nomculo we-electronic. I-R&B isetshenziswe kuma-albhamu e-blues ngaleso sikhathi. Umbhali nomdidiyeli uRobert Palmer uchaze isigqi neblues ngokuthi "igama elihlangene lazo zonke izinhlobo zomculo owenziwe abantu abamnyama baseMelika." Uphinde wasebenzisa igama elithi "R&B" njengegama elifanayo le-jump blues. Nokho, i-AllMusic yahlukanisa igama ne-jump blues ngoba i-R&B yayinomthelela omkhulu wevangeli.[16] U-Lawrence Cohn umbhali wencwadi ethi Nothing but the Blues, wabhala ukuthi “isigqi kanye ne-blues” kwakuyigama eliphelele elakhelwe ukusiza imboni. Ngokusho kwakhe, leli gama lihlanganisa wonke umculo omnyama, ngaphandle komculo we-classic nowokholo, ngaphandle uma umculo wevangeli uthengiswa kahle ngokwanele ukushadi kuze kube yikhulu lama-21. Igama elithi R&B liqhubekile nokusetshenziswa (kwezinye izimo) ukuhlukanisa umculo owenziwe ngabaculi abamnyama, uhlukaniswe nezitayela ezenziwe abanye abaculi. Emculweni wesigqi sohwebo kanye nomculo we-blues, owawubonakala ngeminyaka yawo-1950 nawo-1970, amabhendi ngokuvamile ayehlanganisa upiyano, isiginci esisodwa noma ezimbili, ibhesi, izigubhu, ne-saxophone. Amalungiselelo aphindwaphindwa kancane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ahlanganisa abaculi abasekelayo. Izingxenye ezilula, eziphindaphindayo zazihlangene, zakha umfutho nokudlala okunesigqi okudala ukuthungwa okuthambile, okunomsindo, nokuvame ukulaliswa ngenkathi kudonsela ukunaka ezwini ngalinye, nakuba abaculi babehileleke ngokomzwelo ngamazwi, ngokuvamile ngokujulile. Kodwa bahlala bepholile, bekhululekile futhi belawula. Iqembu beligqoke amasudi nemifaniswano, umkhuba owawuhambisana nawo kwakuwumculo odumile abaculi be-R&B ababefisa ukuwuphatha. Izingoma zazivame ukuthusa, futhi umculo wawuvame ukulandela amaphethini nezakhiwo zokucula. Izingoma ze-R&B zazivame ukuhlanganisa okuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Ukushicilelwa kwe-Smithsonian kufingqe umsuka walolu hlobo ngo-2016: “Umculo wase-Afrika waseMelika, ikakhulukazi, udweba emagatsheni ajulile enkulumo yase-Afrika yaseMelika, uyinhlanganisela yevangeli, i-jump blues, i-big band swing, i-boogie, kanye ne-blues eyakhula esikhathini esiyiminyaka engamashumi amathathu ehlanganisa inkathi yomculo osemthethweni.
Izinsimbi zomculo zikagesi zisetshenziswa kabanzi cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomculo. Emculweni odumile, njengomculo womdanso we-elekthronikhi, cishe yonke imisindo erekhodiwe ingeye-elekthronikhi (isb. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi amasha e-elekthronikhi, izilawuli, nama-synthesizers kusalokhu kuyindawo esebenzayo nenemikhakha eminingi yocwaningo. I-International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, ibanjelwe ukubika ngomsebenzi ophambili futhi ibonise abaculi abacula noma abakha umculo ngezinsimbi ezintsha zikagesi, izilawuli, nama-synthesizer. Futhi manje ngokuqukethwe okuqine kakhulu ngalesi sihloko somculo. Intuthuko enkulu entsha kwaba wukufika kwamakhompyutha ngenhloso yokuqamba umculo. Esikhundleni sokulawula noma ukukhiqiza imisindo, u-Iannis Xenakis waphayona lokho akubiza ngokuthi i-Musique Stochastique, noma umculo ongahleliwe, indlela yokuhlanganisa umculo osebenzisa izinhlelo zamathuba ezibalo. Kusetshenziswe ama-algorithms ahlukene okwenza imisebenzi ngaphakathi kwesethi yamapharamitha. U-Xenakis wasebenzisa iphepha lokuthwebula ukuze asize ukubala izindlela zejubane ze-glissandos zesiqephu sakhe se-orchestra i-Metastasis (1953–54), kodwa kamuva waphendukela kumakhompyutha ukuze aqanjwe, njenge-ST/4 ye-quartet yezintambo kanye ne-ST/48 ye-orchestra (zombili ngo-1962). Umthelela wamakhompyutha waqhubeka ngo-1956 ngenkathi u-Lejaren Hiller no-Leonard Issacson beqamba i-Illiac Suite yequartet yeyunithi yezinhlamvu. Lona bekuwumsebenzi wokuqala ophelele wokuqanjwa okusizwa ngekhompuyutha kusetshenziswa ukwakheka kwe-algorithmic. Ngo-1957, uMax Matthews weBell Lab wabhala uchungechunge lwe-MUSIC-N, uhlelo lokuqala lwekhompyutha lokukhiqiza amaza omsindo wedijithali ngokuhlanganisa okuqondile. U-Barry Vercoe wabe esebhala UMCULO 11, ngokusekelwe ohlelweni lwesizukulwane esilandelayo lwe-MUSIC IV-BF (kamuva olwathuthukiswa lwaba yi-csound, esasetshenziswa kabanzi). Maphakathi nawo-1980s, uMiller Puckett we-IRCAM wenze isofthiwe yokucubungula isignali eyisithombe ye-4X ebizwa ngokuthi i-Max (ngemuva kuka-Max Matthews), futhi kamuva wayithutha ku-Macintosh (no-Dave Ciccarelli eyinweba nge-Opcode [39]) ukuze ilawule i-MIDI ngesikhathi sangempela, okwenza ukwakheka kwe-algorithmic kufinyeleleke kubaqambi abaningi abanohlelo oluphakathi nendawo yekhompyutha.
I-House umculo womdanso we-elekthronikhi onesigqi sezigqi ezine kanye ne-tempo evamile yamabhithi angu-115–130 ngomzuzu. Kukholakala ukuthi lapho abantu abaningi bezwa lolu hlobo lomculo, bavame ukucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lwasungulwa noma lwadalwa ngokwenza umculo ekhaya noma ngesiko lomndeni noma kubantu basekhaya. Kodwa eqinisweni, lolu hlobo lomculo lwadalwa o-DJ kanye nabakhiqizi bomculo abavela kusiko lekilabhu engaphansi komhlaba yaseChicago futhi kancane kancane bathuthukiswa ekuqaleni kwawo-1980s lapho o-DJ beqala ukushintsha umculo we-disco ukuze ube nesigqi esithe xaxa. Ekuqaleni kuka-1988, i-House yaba yinto evamile futhi yathatha indawo yesigqi esijwayelekile sama-80s. Uma sijula kancane, empeleni, ngesimo salo esijwayelekile, uhlobo lubonakala ngesigqi esiphindaphindayo esingu-4/4, isigubhu se-bass, i-hi-hat ye-off-beat, isigubhu esiwugibe, ukushaya izandla, kanye/noma izimpama ngesivinini esiphakathi kuka-120 no-130 ngomzuzu (bpm), ama-synthes, i-riffline, i-riffline ngokuvamile amazwi aculwayo, akhulunywayo, noma ayisampula. Ekhaya, isigubhu se-bass sivamise ukudlalwa kumabhithi angu-1, 2, 3, no-4, futhi isigubhu esiwugibe, ukushaya izandla, noma insimbi eshaywayo ephakeme kakhulu isetshenziswa kumabhithi 2 no-4. Amabhithi esigubhu emculweni we-house ngokuvamile ayimishini ye-electronic drum, ngokuvamile i-Roland TR-807, TR-80907, TR-809, TR-809, TR. Ukushaya izandla, ukunyakazisa, izigubhu zogibe, noma imisindo ye-hi-hat isetshenziselwa ukwengeza ukuvumelanisa. Ama-riffs anesigqi esiginesha, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwe-Chicago house, akhiwe ngokuhambisana nephethini ye-clave, ngezinye izikhathi ama-conga nama-bongos angezwe kumsindo wase-Afrika. Noma i-metallic percussion yokuzwakala kwesiLatini.
Umculo womdanso we-elekthronikhi Eqinisweni, imvelaphi yohlobo lomculo womdanso we-elekthronikhi yavela futhi yavelaphi? Kumbhali, lapho ngizalwa, ngezwa uhlobo lomculo. Kungenze ngabona njengento yamazwe ngamazwe evela e-Europe nokuthi abantu bayazi njengohlobo lomculo (EDM) noma igama elingabizwa ngokuthi umculo wokudansa noma umculo abathandi be-nightlife futhi abathanda umculo, i-club melody. Kunjalo, izinhlobonhlobo zomculo we-percussive we-elekthronikhi owenzelwe ama-nightclub, ama-rave nemikhosi yomculo. Ivamise ukukhiqizwa ukuze kudlalwe ngo-DJ abakha izingoma ezikhethiwe ezingenazihibe ezibizwa. DJ mix ngokushintsha ukurekhoda kokunye kuya kokunye. Umlawuli wohlelo, ovame ukuba yiqhawe elingaziwa emhlabeni we-EDM, ungungqondongqondo ekukhiqizweni kwalolu hlobo. I-EDM ayigcini nje ku-studio; iphila ngendlela yemidlalo ebukhoma kumakhonsathi noma emikhosini, ifomethi evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-PA ebukhoma. Ekhuluma ngekhulu leminyaka kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, i-EDM iye yanda. I-EDM yaduma kakhulu eYurophu ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990 ngemva kokuvela kwama-rave, umculo womsakazo wezigcwelegcwele zasolwandle, amaphathi amafu, imikhosi engaphansi komhlaba, kanye nokukhula kwesithakazelo esikweni leqembu. Kodwa-ke, isiko le-rav alidumile kakhulu e-United States. Ngokuvamile akuvamile ngaphandle kwezigcawu zesifunda eNew York City, eFlorida, eMidwest naseCalifornia. Nakuba i-electro, i-Chicago house, ne-Detroit techno ibe nomthelela kokubili eYurophu nase-United States, abezindaba abavamile kanye nemboni yokuqopha yase-US yahlala ingavumi ngokusobala uhlobo kuze kube yi-1990s nangale kwalokho. Kuphinde kwaba nokuqwashisa okwandayo kokuxhumana kwe-EDM nesiko lezidakamizwa, okuholela ohulumeni bezifundazwe namadolobha ukuthi bashaye imithetho nezinqubomgomo ezihloselwe ukumisa ukusabalala kwesiko le-rave. O, lokho kuzwakala kujabulisa futhi kungimangaza. Ingabe izinhlobo zomculo zingabonisa ngempela ubuntu babantu abawulalelayo? Kamuva eminyakeni eyinkulungwane entsha, ukuthandwa kwe-EDM kwanda emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi e-United States nase-Australia. Ekuqaleni kwawo-2010, imboni yomculo waseMelika kanye nemidiya yomculo yacindezela amagama athi "umculo womdanso we-elekthronikhi" nesifinyezo esithi "EDM" ukuze kuqanjwe kabusha isiko le-rave laseMelika. Naphezu kwemizamo yomkhakha wokufaka uphawu lwe-EDM njengohlobo olulodwa, isifinyezo sisaqhubeka sisetshenziswa njengegama eliyisambulela sezinhlobo eziningana, okuhlanganisa i-dance-pop, house, techno, electro, ne-trance, kanye nezinhlobo ezingaphansi ezihlobene. Konke lokhu kwandulela isifinyezo. Ukuzalwa kwalo lonke uhlobo lomculo akugcini nje ngokuba nendaba futhi kwavela enkathini yamaSamui, kodwa futhi kubonisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa umculo ukuphulukisa umphefumulo womuntu futhi sekuwumlando engiwufingqe kafushane esihlokweni. Umlando Umculo We-Electronic kanye Nomlando Wo-DJ Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-EDM ziye zathuthukiswa phakathi neminyaka engu-40 edlule, kuhlanganise ne-house, techno, drum and bass, dance-pop, nokunye. Izinguquko zesitayela ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo ze-EDM ezikhona zingaholela ekuveleni kwalokho okwaziwa njengezinhlobo ezingaphansi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto zezinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu kungaholela ekuveleni kohlobo olusha ngokuphelele lwe-EDM.
Uma kuziwa ekuhlonzeni uhlobo lomculo we-Dubstep, kungase kungajwayelekile kakhulu kubalandeli balolu hlobo lomculo. Ngokuhlukile nezici zayo, ifana nomculo womdanso we-elekthronikhi owaqala eNingizimu London ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Lesi sitayela sivele kuhlu lomculo wasegaraji e-UK, ohlanganisa amabhithi anezinyathelo ezimbili nokukhiqizwa kwe-dub ethambile. E-UK, umsuka walolu hlobo wawusukela ekukhuleni kwesigcawu sephathi yesistimu yomsindo yase-Jamaica ekuqaleni kwawo-1980. I-Dubstep ibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwamaphethini esigqi avumelanisiwe, imigqa ye-bass evelele, namathoni amnyama. Ngo-2001, lo msindo ongaphansi komhlaba nezinye izinhlobo zegaraji zaqala ukukhonjiswa futhi zakhuthazwa e-Plastic People nightclub eLondon, emcimbini we-'Forward ' (ngezinye izikhathi i-FWD>>), nasesiteshini somsakazo we-pirate Rinse FM, kamuva owaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni umculo we-dubstep. Isigqi Sesikhathi Esiyingxenye: I-Dubstep ivamise ukusebenzisa izigqi ezizwakala njengezigqi zesigamu sesikhathi (yize zishesha ngempela), njengalesi sibonelo esichaza ukuthi ingoma ine tempo engu-71 bpm, ezwakala njengengxenye yesikhathi se-tempo esheshayo (142 bpm). Lena enye yezindlela ezisiza ukudala ukushuba namandla engomeni. I-Sub-Bass: I-Dubstep eyingqayizivele yomsindo webhesi ophansi futhi owugqinsi unokudlidliza okuqinile futhi ungazwakala ngokomzimba. Ukusebenzisa le bhesi eqinile kunikeza ingoma ukujula namandla. Amasampuli Asikiwe: I-Dubstep ivamise ukusebenzisa imisindo emifushane, enqunyiwe noma “esikiwe” ukuze ingeze isithakazelo kusigqi nomsindo, inikeze umuzwa oshisayo noma ongalingani. Ngicabanga ukuthi njengoba ufunda lesi sihloko, uzoqala ukuqaphela ukuthi izinhlobo zivame ukuguqulwa futhi zisetshenziswe ukuze kwakhiwe ukukhanga kobuciko bomthandi womculo, futhi kuyinto eyingqayizivele ngempela eyakhiwe ngohlobo lohlobo olubonakalayo noluhlukile, futhi yebo, ngezinye izikhathi. I-Vocal Chops: I-Dubstep ingaba namazwi asikiwe futhi ahlanekezelwe, okunikeza umculo ukujula okujulile nomoya.
Imuphi umculo we-Trap wavelaphi, futhi lolu hlobo lwenziwa ngani? Uhlobo Olushintshe Imboni YomculoI-Trap Music yavela ngasekuqaleni kwawo-2000, isuka e-Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Igama elithi “ugibe” livela ku-slang ngokudayisa izidakamizwa e-US, okungenye yezindikimba ezitholakala ohlotsheni lwalo mculo. Umculo we-Trap ubonakala ngezigubhu ezingu-808, i-hi-hat, ama-snare rolls nama-synthesizers noma imiculo. Izigqi zezingoma zakhiwe ngendlela ethokozisayo. Lokhu kuholele ekwandeni kokuduma phakathi kwabaculi be-hip-hop nabakhiqizi bezinye izinhlobo. Umsuka kanye nokukhula komculo we-Trap. I-Trap yaqala ukwaziwa cishe ngo-2003-2005. Amaciko okuqala asize ekudaleni nasekudumeni lolu hlobo kwakungu-T.I., u-Gucci Mane, no-Young Jeezy. Ikakhulukazi, i-albhamu ka-T.I. ka-2003 ethi Trap Muzik yaba nesandla ekuchazeni ngokusemthethweni igama elithi "Trap Music" njengohlobo.
Uma ungalwazi kahle uhlobo lomculo wesintu namuhla, ngizokuthatha ukuthi uluhlole ngokujulile ngesifinyezo esizotholwa umlobi nabafundi ndawonye. Abantu abaningi abalalela lolu hlobo lomculo bayakukholelwa lokho. Umculo Wesintu uwuhlobo olukhombisa amasiko nendlela yokuphila, enezimpande zawo emasikweni namasiko wendawo ngayinye. Isibonelo, ingoma yomdabu yase-Ireland ethi 'The Parting Glass' noma ingoma yomdabu yaseMelika ethi 'This Land Is Your Land' idlulisa izindaba zabantu, indlela yabo yokuphila, izinkolelo, kanye nolwazi oludluliselwe kwesinye isizukulwane kuye kwesinye. Futhi uma sikhuluma ngokuthuthuka koMculo Wesintu, umculo we-Folk ukhona kuwo wonke amazwe futhi uthuthukiswe ngokuvumelana nezikhathi. Ngekhulu lama-20, umculo we-Folk wavuselelwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi e-United States naseYurophu. Amaciko adlale indima ebalulekile ekuletheni i-Folk ku-instream kwakungu-Bob Dylan, u-Joan Baez, no-Woody Guthrie.Umculo wesintu awulona nje uhlobo, kodwa uyithuluzi lokuxoxa izindaba ngomphakathi. Yindlela esetshenziswa ukukhombisa izinkinga nemizwa yabantu enkathini ngayinye. Ngokwesibonelo, izingoma zomdabu ziye zasetshenziselwa ukubhekana nezindaba zomphakathi ezifana nobumpofu, impi, namalungelo omphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izingoma zomdabu ezibonisa izinkinga zomphakathi, izingoma zomdabu, noma umculo ohlanganiswe nomculo wesimanje, Umculo Womdabu usadlala indima ebalulekile embonini yomculo emhlabeni wonke futhi ususakazeke ngendlela emangalisayo. Angikholwa ukuthi umculo wesintu empeleni uhlukile futhi wethula izindaba zamasiko eziheha izilaleli. Kungakho izici zezingoma zomculo wesintu ezixoxa izindaba zabantu ezinjengothando, umsebenzi, injabulo nosizi, nezenzakalo zomlando.Ngemiculo elula, izinsimbi zomculo we-acoustic ezifana neziginci, amavayolini, ama-banjo, ama-mandolin, nemitshingo zivame ukusetshenziswa.Kwadluliswa ngomlomo ngaphambi kokuba kurekhodwe njengamanothi noma kurekhodwe enkathini yesimanjemanje.Ngomculo wezwe wase-Ireland ngamunye, izici ezihlukile ezifana nomculo wezwe lase-Thai, umculo we-Thai oyingqayizivele, umculo we-Thai oyingqayizivele, umculo we-Thai oyingqayizivele, umculo we-Thai oyingqayizivele noma umculo we-Spanish flamenco.Uma ufunde kuze kube manje, usuvele wazibonela futhi waqaphela ukuthi umculo wesintu uhlale unezindaba eziqukethe amandla amahle.
Akunakuphikwa ukuthi ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke kwenza idolobha likhumbuleke, futhi ngikholelwa ukuthi uma uke waya kunoma yiliphi izwe eliseningizimu yeMelika, nakanjani uzowazi umculo wesiLatini. Ngisho noma ungajwayele, abantu bendawo kanye nezakhamizi ezigcine umculo wendawo zizokwazi ukukwazisa ngemisindo yomculo wesiLatini. Futhi yingakho umculo wesiLatini uqhubekile nokuthandwa kuze kube yilolu suku futhi uthandwa kakhulu ngisho nangemva kokuthuthela eMelika. Ngikholwa ukuthi uzoluthanda nalolu hlobo lomculo, ngoba unolimi lwesiSpanishi noma isiPutukezi, okuwenza uhehe futhi. Inkathi yegolide yomculo wesiLatini yaqala lapho Ngo-1997, i-NARAS isungula i-Latin Recording Academy (LARAS) ngomzamo wokwandisa ukusebenza kwayo kokubili eLatin America naseSpain. NgoSepthemba 2000, i-LARAS yethula i-Latin Grammy Awards, umcimbi ohlukile wemiklomelo ovela kumaGrammy Awards. Abahleli bathi umkhathi womculo wesiLatini wawumkhulu kakhulu ukuba ungangena kuma-Grammys. UMichael Greene, owayeyinhloko ye-NARAS, wake wathi izinhlobonhlobo zezitayela zomculo wesiLatini zenza kwaba nzima ukusungulwa kwama-Latin Grammy Awards. Ngokuphawula ukuthi okuwukuphela kwento abafana ngayo ulimi, ama-Latin Grammy Awards anikezwa amarekhodi adlalwa ngeSpanishi noma ngesiPutukezi, kuyilapho inhlangano igxile emculweni ovela eLatin America, Spain, nasePortugal. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, i-United States ibone ukukhula okwandayo kwesibalo sabantu "Latinos" igama eladuma ngeminyaka yawo-1960s lisuka ekudidaniseni igama elithi "Spanish" negama elifanele kodwa elingadumile elithi "Spanishic" Abantu base-United States baqala ukubhekisela kuwo wonke umculo onamazwi eSpanishi ngokuthi "umculo wesiLatini . ISpanishi esiculwa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenziwa ngokuthi "isiLatini" sabizwa ngokuthi "i-Latin" yaseSpain.
